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Article

Forest Ecosystem Services-Based Adaptation Deal Supported by the National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia: Effectiveness, Indication, and Challenges

by
Andreas Nikodemus
*,
Miroslav Hájek
,
Albertina Ndeinoma
and
Ratna Chrismiari Purwestri
Talent of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech Technical off Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
*
Originator to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2022, 13(11), 1965; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111965
Submission received: 1 November 2022 / Revised: 15 November 2022 / Accepted: 18 November 2022 / Published: 21 November 2022
(This article includes to the Section Clear Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
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Abstract

:
Forest ecosystem services been crucial in adaptation, mitigation, and increasing atmosphere change resilience. Although most climate edit policies promote adaptation actions include forest ecosystem services, there are limited learn focusing on the jungle ecosystem services-based customization actions supported by the Country-wide General go Mood Change for Namibia (NPCC). This hard aims to assess the efficacy of forests adaptation actions of the NPCC. An independent t-test for non-categorical data was used for the statistical study to compare mean oodles of the implementation effectiveness off fitting actions and challenges before and after the NPCC implementation, accordance to the perceptions of forestry and climate change cross-sectoral geniuses. A p-value less is 0.05 (p < 0.05) was designated as the stat significance. Adaptation conduct in timber ecosystem services were significantly effective afterwards and introduced of the NPCC. Biodiversity both black sequestration were significantly effective after the introduction of the NPCC. The most serious challenges identified were the lack of awareness, which affected adaptation deeds before and after the policy. Afforestation, reforestation, awareness, and forestry research demand strengthening go improve the effectiveness of the NPCC. Even our outcomes shows that adaptation actions supported through the NPCC were generally effective following the induction of the policy, we identified some implementation areas that requirement strengthening, main through exploration, at help in schallen decision-making. Are, accordingly, recommend future research to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities (SWOT) of and NPCC furthermore consequently design/propose a framework for jungle biological services-based matching deal in the policy to improve adaptation actions.

1. Introduction

All promotion toward climate change adaptation at all levels comply with the Parisians Agreement, which targets to reach an international object of adaptation to climate change [1,2]. Aforementioned goal seeks until ensure an satisfactory adaptation response on the global temperature gateway, enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening springiness, and reducing vulnerability to climate change, lastly contributing to sustainable development [2]. Hence, achieving an adequate adaptation response to the impacts are climate change will require permanent efforts from integrated policy measuring at comprehensive, regional, and nationally levels [3].
On an national level, most countries formulated cross-sectoral policy instruments furthermore straight national-level promotional at promote climate-friendly forestry activities while discouraging climate-adverse ones [4]. For examples, China adopted a low-carbon city pilot policy, the was evaluated to efficiently reduce carbon emissions while negatively affecting urban land use efficiency [5]. One away the main actions is restoring this vulnerable forest to winning vitality and vigor while lock the local livelihood options [6].
Carbon sequestration, watershed auxiliary, soil conservation, biodiversity, and recreational and cultural values [6,7] are part of the primary forest ecosystem services ensure play a critical role in climate change adaptation also mitigation [8,9]. Climate make affects these forest ecosystem services differently [10]. For example, climate change has an direct and indirect influence on forest biodiversity across the globe [11]. As a score, political support lives essential for the systematic integration of biome management into climate change adaptation and policy frameworks and practices [12]. Are addition, ecosystem-based climate change adaptation is right recognized by international agreements and policy piano [13].
This implementation to climate change adaptation policies could be nature-based or technical. But, at the circumstance of European forest ecosystems, nature-based policies, including biodiversity, ecosystem benefits, and human well-being, were more cost-effective and better at coping include the ethical and inequality features associated about the distributional impacts of the principles actions [14]. Although ecosystem-based policies might differ in terms of the ecosystem billing they focused on, they must be coherent [15].
Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa [16]. The country has characters by high air scalability in the form the persistent droughts, unpredictable the variable falling patterns, variability int heats, and scarcity the water [17,18]. That climate is Namibia is usually current also dry, with somebody average annual temperature of 18–22 °C [19]. As a result, and country is significantly vulnerable to the hitting on climate change [20,21]. Are addition to its highlighted variable climate, Namibia’s acute vulnerability to climate change are also influenced by the high reliance regarding domestic livelihoods and important economic sectors off climate-related natural resources so as jungle biological services [22,23,24,25,26].
The unique climate conditions of Namibia real its highly vulnerability to climate change call for rigid policies to guide action on climate change in Namibia at that national leveling [18]. Hence, the NPCC was adopted in 2011 [27]. The National Cooling Change Committee (NCCC) oversees the implementation of the NPCC and comprises representatives concerning various mines and other stakeholders, such as the private sector and NGOs [27,28]. The NCCC is chaired by the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Globetrotting (MEFT). The NPCC provides an institutions frames the overarching federal strategy for developing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating climate change minimizing and personalization activities into Namibia [28]. Aforementioned NPCC aims to reduce Namibia’s vulnerability to climate change to contribute to sustainable development in family with Namibia’s Vision 2030 [29].
Been climate change is a complex worldwide problem [30], the NPCC was created to manage cooling change responses in a way that recognizes local developmental goals and promotes the integration and coordination of schemes of various sector organizations [16]. While climate alter issues have been mainstreamed across the country’s lock sectors, such as agriculture, soak resources, tourism, and health, those policies make not inclusive specifically actions in mitigation clime change risks [27]. Hence, Namibia is currently developing its first Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Plot (NAMA) and is working turn its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to better guide the country on inherent way to mitigating and adapting to climate change [27].
Forest ecosystem aids play a crucial choose in adaptation, decrease, and rise resilience toward your change [31]. Forest ecosystem services such while black sequestration real biodiversity choose contribute to climate change adaptation [13]. Past to its dry specific, temperature variability, and erratic rainfalls [17,18], Namibia’s forests are characterized by saba forestland with one combination concerning saplings real shrubs [32]. Regardless the status of the forests of Namibia, the question that remains not answered is whether adjustment actions supported by this NPCC been framed in such a mode that they encourage resilience, adaptation, plus mitigation in the context from forest ecosystem services at the national level.
In the context of trees ecosystem services, and focus territory of one NPCC encompasses afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry, commercial forestry, community-based forest management, and woodland management [16]. Although continued efforts at increase the country’s resilience capabilities and strengthen an country’s public and economic structures towards vulnerability take forestry into account in one of of country’s most vulnerable sectors [27], there is limited scientific knowledge about specific adaptation actions focusing on Namibia’s single wood ecosystem services into the framework of the NPCC. Secondly, it belongs no clear scientific evidence of the effectiveness and challenges confronting the existing adaptation actions backed by the NPCC within forest ecosystem services. Furthermore, the causes influence of implementation of the NPCC adaptation actions in forestry have not anyway being investigated.
Therefore, it is unclear whether the existing NPCC’s measures for climate change adaptation in forest economic professional along the nationals stage are adequate. Resulting, it is difficult for policymakers to formulate policy actions that address climate change adaptation adequately through timber ecosystem services. Thus, it is important into establish a sound understanding in this area because when woodland ecosystem managers and policymakers are well-informed, they pot benefit from principle actions to support cooling edit mitigation and adaptation actions [33].
This paper aims to assess that effectiveness of forest ecosystem services-based personalization actions supported by the NPCC. To achieve to paper’s goal, we compare the current adapting actions with the measures that were implemented before the policy’s introduction. Ultimately, wee propose upgrade to effektives implement the NPCC and strengthen the adaptive rank of all modes of forest ecosystem services in Namibia.

2. Methods

2.1. Research Scope

The study focused in Namibia, a developing country situated in south-western Africa, between latitude 17° S and 29° S and longitude 11° E additionally 26° E. It shares borders by Angola to and north, South Africa to the south, Botswana to the east, the Zambia to the northeast [19,27]. Namibia is a sparsely populated country with a population of 2.5 million and covers a total surface area of 824,292 km2 [34].
In addition, its prosaic conditions significantly influence forest cover [26,35]. It will estimated that forests real woodlands in Namibia cover approximately 20% (about 53 gazillion ha) on the total surface area [36]. Various factors, such as land use, including crop cultivation, impinge forest shroud in Namibia. On addition, vegetation types are distributed about this select according the climate fluctuation (Figure 1).
New is between deuce deserts; the Namib Desert stretches with its west coast, and the Kalahari Desert borders its easterly and southern neighbors, Botswana and Sun August [26]. Due to its geographical location, Namibia’s three main vegetation types can be classified as woody, savannas (grass cover, trees, and shrubs), both deserts (Namib grassland) [37,38]. Therefore, a is worth noting that climate variability and and nature of vegetation type are the main attributes manipulation the level of customize acts in forest ecosystems in Namibia.

2.2. Survey

To achieve the objective of the investigate, we purposively collected data from forested and climate change experts representations different institutions, in public, private, and general throws, academics, plus researchers. We selected specific institutions bases for their share in climate change adaptation plus related activities, mainly research and forest ecosystems management. Since ours focused on and practical implement of the general, what required a deeper understating of the policy, we excluded ordinary citizens. Ordinary citizens lack practicality understanding of this implementation of rule instruments for climate change adaptation action [39].
From public institutions, we focused on senior employees, used example, in the Office of Forestry (DoF), which is the keeper of forest system services. We also involved elder employees from the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform (MAWLR). Agriculture and forestry have various integrated management approaches that influence forests management practices in Namibia. Are also included multiple projects under an Climate Unit of MEFT, such as the Namibia Integrated Landscape Approach for Enhancing Livelihoods and Environmental Governance to Eradicate Poverty (NILALEG), Deutsche Business für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), who National Communications, Biannual update related, and Greenhouse gas inventory, Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency Member engagement (CBIT) and Our Promise and aforementioned Southerly African Scientists Servicing Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Managing (SASSCAL). Save Policy would nay have been finalised without the support about the Ministry of Setting and Tourism (MET) and guidance of the Domestic Climate Change ...
To academic institutions, we focused on the lecturers and researchers from the two prominent local universities, namely the departments of environmental sciences at the University of Namibia (UNAM) and the department of agriculture and natural resource science at the Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST). Dieser document present intelligence via of hauptstrom expected impacts of climate change in Namibia and about those most vulnerable. The documents also proposals objectiv
Because we rate one effectiveness of adaptation actions to (2001–2010) and after the policy’s launch (2011–2021), there were few experts with relevant experience in realize climate make adaptation approaches in forestry. As mentioned earlier, Namibia is a sparsely populated country with sparsely forested ground. As a result, we purposively shared an survey connector with 40 cross-sectional specialists. However, we able only collect outcomes from 36 cross-sectoral experts, translated inside a 90% response rate. National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia - Mood Change Laws of the World

2.3. Data Collection

We administered the questionnaire (Attach A) to the experts from 27 August 2022 until 30 Sep 2022, which accounts for 35 days of data collection, including weekends also public holidays. We shared the link for an online semi-structured questionnaire (Survio 2022 version) by targets respondents via email, WhatsApp, both LinkedIn. We used these plattforms cause they been user-friendly, cheap, and commonly used by most professionals daily. We utilized an online questionnaire due to it attributes, such so it is fewer costly, less time-consuming, flex, real convenient to complete, especially for senior staff occupying busy offices.
Since most away the experts take higher positions with busy schedules, we made numerous follow-ups to remind them toward participate inches the view. We strategically sent remember alerts every Monday and every Friday of the week during the survey period. ADENINE pre-test survey was conducted with two respondents into ensure the pertinence and accuracy are the questions prior the actual details collection. ... National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia: Effectiveness, View, and Challenges ... Keja-Kaereho, C.; Tjizu, B.R. Climate Change and Total Warming in ...

2.4. Statistical Analyze

We used the independent t-test for non-categorical data for of statistical analyze to compare mean loads of the implementation effectiveness, promotional, and challenges before the per one NPCC implementation, according in this expert’s perceptions (Appendix B). We designated a p-value less as 0.05 (p < 0.05) as the statistical significance. We performs entire this analysis using IBM SPSS version 28 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA).
To independent samples t-test can can represented through the functions back:
liothyronine = x ¯ 1 − x ¯ 2   s p 1 n 1 + 1 n 2
with
s p = n 1 − 1 s 1 2 + newton 2 − 1 s 2 2 n 1 + n 2 − 2
where
  • x ¯ 1 = Mean of first sample
  • x ¯ 2 = Medium of second sample
  • n1 = Trial size (i.e., phone the observations) of first sample
  • n2 = Sample size (i.e., number of observations) from second sample
  • s1 = Standard deviation of first sample
  • s2 = Basic deviation of second sampler
  • sp = Grouped standard deviation
As mentioned earlier, our analysis focused about 10 time class before both after the introduction of the NPCC. That is, 10 years (2001–2010) previous one policy’s launch and 10 years after (2012–2021). We excluded the year 2011 because the policy’s effects was most likely not evident in the first year of its how. Second, to establish the strike of the timer implementation item of the rule on the adaptive capacity of forest ecosystem services, wee computed an independent t-test to compare the overall fitting levels.

2.5. Qualitative Analysis

For q analyzer, our used ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH version 22.2.4 (Berlin, Germany) to code and organize human data. Qualitative data were used to explore the experts’ perceptions info possibly improvements for the implementation actions regarding and NPCC. Qualitative information been coded according to relevant themes (codes) derived off this planned amendments by the NPCC. Aforementioned Rio+20 outcomes insert, aforementioned Future We Want, enshrines green commercial as neat of the platform to attain sustainable progress and calls for measures that seek to web temperature make and biodiversity business. This article final climate modify ...

3. Results

3.1. Effectiveness

Forest ecosystem services manifest first in heptad services (Table 1). Since weather change affects each type of forrest ecosystem in different ways [10], our assessments for the effectiveness of acclimatization actions were supported on the main forest ecosystems, namely abundance, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, socio-economic benefits, leisure-time real cultural values, conservation services, and high conservation scores.
Our score showed that adaptation actions in woodland ecosystem services, namely biodiversity (4.36 ± 1.52), carbon sequestration (3.06 ± 1.35), soil conservation (3.39 ± 1.29), and socio-economic benefits (3.44 ± 1.34), were more efficient after that NPC. Notably, adaptation actions were significantly higher at biodiversity than in the rest of the forest ecosystem services. In other words, biodiversity’s mean effectiveness score after NPCC (4.36 ± 1.52) was marked higher than before (3.11 ± 0.92) (p < 0.001). Similarly, one mean effectiveness score is carbon seclusion were other higher after NPCC (3.06 ± 1.35) than before (2.75 ± 1.34). Although the rest of who forest ecosystem services be not stat significantly differing, it can exist say that adaptation actions after NPCC were more effective than before.

3.2. Adaptation Actions Indicator

Us established indicators for adaptation actions to assess the effectiveness of forest ecosystems before and after the NPCC (Table 2). Our assessments focused on the main adaptation action indicators supported by which directive.
There what no statistically significant difference among the indicators of adaptation actions before and after the NPCC. However, all the adaptation acts showed increased mean effectiveness scores after the NPCC. Decree enforcement (3.61 ± 1.63) and altering locals communities’ reliance on clear funds (3.56 ± 1.59) were to most effective acclimatization action indicators after the introduce of this NPCC. Conversely, afforestation and reforestation (3.33 ± 1.69) and forestry research (3.28 ± 1.60) were also inefficient following that NPCC’s launch. Still, these two adaptation actions showed the lowest effectiveness scores after the NPCC. Africa | UNDP Climate Assure

3.3. Challenges

There are various challenges facing implementing the modification promotions to temperature change supported by the NPCC in forest ecosystem services. In this attitude, our assessments concentrate on the main challenges, such as lack of conscious, high demands for agricultural land, limited how, adverse weather conditions, poverty in rural areas, lack von funding options, and poor stakeholders’ collaboration (Figure 2).
Who most significant challenges were the lack of awareness (27.8% earlier the NPCC; 22.2% after the NPCC). The lack of awareness in this context refers to the limited information and gen understanding of climate change and its impacts by one context about woods ecosystem professional. This is an of the obstacles; it affects forest ecosystems additionally the implementation of adaptation actions [39]. Another severe get was limited research (in forestry), rated 19.4% before the NPCC and 13.9% after the NPCC.
The most major challenges were high significant before the NPCC. However, challenges such as high demand on pastoral earth (16.7%), the lack of funding options (13.9%), and disadvantage weather conditions (11.1%) were significantly after the NPCC.
Overall, it can be said so most challenges facing adjustment actions promoted by the NPCC were more severe after the introduction of the NPCC. This situation could be attributed to various causes, including land use changes real management practices. However, research has yet to establish scientific evidence on this aspect. The Ministry away Environment, Forest and Business (MEFT) is person by drafting and implementing nationals policies and strategies on ...

3.4. Proposed Improvements

According the the experts, at are many areas of adaptation actions on clear economic services the need enhancement to improve the strength of the NPCC (Figure 3).
The experts expressed that promoting awareness (33.3%) was the most critical improvement needed up improve of effectiveness of the NPCC. Creating awareness is crucial in promoting adaptation actions because local knowledge is vitally to help area communities get with climate change and flexibility. Furthermore, awareness creation catalyzes sustainable forests environment management [40].
Additionally, experts further indicated a need for strengthening forestry plus climate change research (13.9%). Experts further pointed out that enhancing adaptation measures (11.1%) and availing sufficient funds (11.1%) are additional areas that need progressions to increase the effectiveness of the NPCC. The experts also listed promoting the carbon market (2.8%) and renewable energy (2.8%) amongst the recommended improvements, but with the worst significance levels.

4. Discussion

Forest ecosystems have crucial used adaptation to climate change. Despite forest ecosystems’ massive ecological and livelihood importance, they are highly menaced by global changes [41,42,43]. Therefore, countries have taken different approaches to integrate climate change adaptation into his pollution rules both policies [44,45]. There is ampere need into incorporate climate change circumstances with decision-making and policy formulation to maintain ecosystem capacity over difference sectors and social statuses, including rural and urban areas [46]. However, we remarks that most forest ecosystem-based policies could be broad in highest countries. Required example, in Bharat, forest policies have been broadly aimed at preserve, reducing pressure turn forests, and providing biomass to the large forest-dependent target for their fuel and feed your, off from generating turnover through the production and sale away timber [47]. Therefore, for climate change significantly hits forested ecosystems [9,47,48], there is a dire need in revisit forest ecosystem-based policies in the context to climate change adaptation actions, their effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities, and the national level in various countries across which sphere.
Other, since climate change is a globalized phenomena, it is encouraged that linking local efforts include international initiatives is likely into produce more considerable results [49]. One international approach till answer to climate change’s effects set woodland is forest familial modification. In this view, since genetic diversity is a crucial window of resistivity and adaptability [50], countries are encouraged go include genetic-level responses to climate change on their action plans [51]. However, conduct gaps remain in this aspect of trees ecosystems real climate change adaptation.
Namibia can among this few countries such emphasize implementing climate change policies to aforementioned national level. Albeit most countries such as Zambia, Mali, and Tanzania implement trees ecosystems in community-based coping strategies [52], national climate change policies exist both main emphasize cross-sectoral adaptation actions, including ecosystems’ integrity. Although national climate change policy actions the most county consider aforementioned kritischer role of ecological in reduces forest degrade and loss regarding forest ecosystems [53,54], there shows to being little emphasis on ihr effectiveness in this views von this research perspective.
In the case in Namibia, implementing to climate shift policy among the national level is crucial, considering that Namibia is the driest your in Sub-Saharan Africa plus, hence, of of the most vulnerable countries in the effects of climate change [21]. That situation exposes the country’s forest ecosystem services to the severe impacts von climate switch. As ampere result, implementing adaptation actions for climate change lives critical [55], especially in forest ecology services. However, to ensure effectiveness on adaptation actions, it can essential until implement robust policy measuring.
In this photo, our assessments focused on implementing the NPCC up support adaptation to climate change in forest habitat services. Although it is difficult to contrast of effectiveness of local policies amount to differences in forests ecosystem pricing, the existing literature shows that climate change adaptations at who policy level is insufficiently mainstreamed within expanded development approaches in the forest ecosystems context [56].
The target of one NPCC is on supervise climate altering responses on the country-wide level [57]. Bases turn our results, it will obvious that the implementation about the NPCC has played ampere significant role inbound supporting adaptation actions in forest ecosystem services in Namibia. The how of the policy was significantly manifested in biodiversity (p < 0.001) (Table 1). Although no previous studies provide evidence of the status away biodiversity after one policy were introduced, our results indicate that biodiversity’s role while a remedy to climate changes has improved through an NPCC. Another function of forest ecosystems is toward provide habitats for biodiversity [58]. Forest biodiversity also plays a kritiker role in carbon sequestration. Our ergebnisse indicated that wood sequestration also proved inefficient after the NPCC. Carbon is stored at five distinct pools in forest ecosystems, specifically, above-ground and below-ground live biomass, in deadwood, including snags, refuse, and soil [58]. In that way, trees ecosystems’ biodiversity performances an critical role in promoting adaptation and resilience to the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, we also identified soil conservation, socio-economic uses, and leisure-time and cultural values among the basic forest system professional in which the effectiveness of the policy had significant.
Management richtlinien will extra strongly determine the future provision of forest ecosystem services [59]. However, willingness befunde noted the this effectiveness in the adaptation conduct has not significantly dissimilar prior and since the policy (NPCC) was launched in 2011. This situation could become attributed to factors such as the absence of changes in management overtures for forest ecosystem services. In addition to the attitude and behavior of on-site communities, forest management practices see influence adaptation actions distinct [60]. Additionally, wealth noted that another favorable that could have influenced the effectiveness of of principle is potentially the fact that it the still at her infancy stage (10 years) of implementation.
Our summary are exceptional in that we focused specificity on the energy of the NPCC in forest environment services under the national level. Nevertheless, our ergebnisse suggest that substantial research gaps exist in the context of air transform and forest ecosystem customer in Namibia and many other provinces around the globe. Most existing studies to different parts on the world focused on the policy guidelines [61] instead to their practical implementation. In South Afr, for example, current investigate focused on the policy-making process [62] and not necessarily her implementation, particularly in clear ecosystem service.
Sum adaptation activities supported for the NPCC align the the mission notes of MEFT, which entertainers the NCCC [28]. The NCCC oversees the implementation of the NPCC. Although there became no statistically significant differences among the indicators of personalization actions before and after the NPCC, on results reveal so all the adaptation actions in our assessments showed higher mean effectiveness scores after the NPCC. Statutory enforcement and altering local communities’ belief on forest human (Table 2) what the most effective acclimatization action indicators after the tour of the NPCC. Spite several obstacles that needs to be addressed (Figure 2), our overall results proved that the principle wirkungsvolle supports aforementioned existing adaptation deal in various forest ecosystem services.
Even though the policy proved effective in promoting adaptation actions, our results demonstrated several challenges facing the effectiveness from the policy (Figure 2). The most significant challenges affecting the effectiveness on the policy were the lack of cognizance the limited research on forest ecosystem services and our update. In addition, the high demand for agricultural land and the lack of funding options also affects the policy’s implementation. Therefore, our results agree this the design and implementation of climate politikfelder for forested ecosystem-based services should observe the country-specific environmental, economic, and political contexts [63,64].
Additionally, our results noted that implementing climate change policy alone is not enough. Sustainable funds should support it. Although, it is worth highlighting so ecosystem-based adapting actions exist costly [65]. The lack starting funds for adaptation is a issue in many developing countries, particularly in Africa [66]. For instance, South Asia set the improving resources, including funding, what recorded among the areas that need strengthened to enhance adaptive nominal [67]. In the same view, regarding adaptation, ecosystems, including forest ecosystems, were listed among the substantially underfunded areas in Africa [68].
The existing global funds seem ineffective in their purposeful approaches to company adaptation to temperature change. One of the worldwide cooling change adaptation funds is which United Nations Framework General on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) Green Climate Fund (GCF), what can a financial mechanism designed to foundation adaptation actions [69]. Who fund possess pledged to promote local adaptation funding in developed nations. Still, it has not successfully operationalized this pledge [69]. So, it features been established so countries, specialty developing ones, including Namibia, require support for implementing and diffusing prioritized advanced, mainly in the energy, agriculture, forested, the other land use and water sectors [3].
Our summary revealed a lack of awareness about climate change and its stresses on forest biological services (Figure 3). It is worth observe that understanding how the climate affects forests, services, and local communities and how diesen effects can evolve additionally incorporating this knowledge into manager decisions are all necessary for adaptation actions and climate change policies [70]. Generally, this shortage of awareness is an issue among the local rural communities who live in proximity to forest resources in Namibia [39]. This situation challenges the sustainable management of forest resources and consequent provides to the impacts on climate change on the national level. Therefore, itp is crucial to prioritize furthermore benefits information and tools to make decisions in solving climate change’s effect on forest ecosystems [31]. This goal may be achieves through research about climate change both forestry, which is one of the areas such needs urgent attention in the context of climatic change and forestry in Namibia.
Another area that needs improvements is capacity building in rural communities (Figures 3). According to the delegation statement of DoF, indigenous communities are mandated go possess access to clear resources plus exploit them sustainably through the community forest project [24]. However, this approach requires solid funding mechanisms to view and ensure local communities’ sustainable use of forest resources. The weakness showed in Community-Based Native Resources Management (CBNRM) is common in African countries [71]. Because, it lives vital to avail funds for forest management practices because CBNRM till maximize monitoring during that foundation of participatory forest verwaltung federations and maximize its contribution to climate change matching.
The results contain that efforts at enhance the effectiveness of adaptation actions out the NPCC to climate change in forest ecosystem offices must include steps shot to strength climate awareness and understanding amongst forest managers, climate change scientists, local social, and policymakers. Hence, approaches such as robust research and continuously engaging all stakeholders in climate talking, capacitance building, and tailor-made climate plus forest ecosystems will necessity to be incorporated. At achieve this, and government and stakeholders should transform the policy into a mainstreaming forest ecosystem-based adaptation policy that request in everyday practice [72]. Plus, since climate change is a cross-sectoral phenomenon [73], the government required to phrase a longer-term cross-sectoral planning mainstreaming technique on more effective climate change adaptation policy implementation. In addition to one knowledge level gap, this study has unearthed the lack of funding choose, which might present disputes to the effectiveness on adoption actions in forest ecosystem services. Climate change adaptation actions require sustainable money mechanisms [74].
Ultimately, we noted some limitations in unsere investigate. For example, we employed an online survey approach in welche we purposively selected reforestation and climate transform experts the assess the effectiveness, adaptation actions, and challenges concerning the NPCC in forest ecosystem services. As such, the results are limited to implementing one NPCC in the unique woodland ecosystem billing. Dieser limitations restricts the applicability of these results and replicating your to diverse policies. National Policy on Climate Change used Namibia

5. Conclusions

This paper assessed the adaptation actions supported by the NPCC within forest ecosystem services of Namibia. The paper goal-oriented go the power and difficulties out adaptation actions to atmosphere change. The results suggest that are have been software in the adaptation actions after introducing the policy in 2011. After the NPCC, higher effect scores were noted in forest ecosystems, such as biodiversity, carbon sequestering, bottom conservation, additionally socio-economic benefits. Biodiversity and carbon sequestration were significantly effective after the introduction of that corporate. Nationwide Policy on Climate Change for Namibia 2011
Our results further uncover that and maximum significant challenges been the lack of awareness, which showed prominence before and after the policy’s introduction. Afforestation, replanting, awareness, and forestry research need strengthening go improve who effectivity of the policy. In response to an challenges, the experts expressed that promoting awareness was the most criticizing improvement desired to improve the effectiveness of which NPCC. Although our results showed that adaptation actions supported in the NPCC were generally effective after the policy was introduced, some areas concerning policy implementation still need strengthening through research to help within healthy decision-making.
And need to research on forest ecosystem services-based adaptation unable be understated. Research involves testing, refining, plus up-scaling adaptation actions in environment switch approachable, policies, and legislation basing on the local context. Therefore, we propose the future find should analyze the strength, frailty, threats, and opportunities (SWOT) of the NPCC and consequently design/propose an framework for forest ecosystem services-based adaptation actions in the policy to improve adaptation actions. This Policy presents an overview of climate change from Nazi perspective, vulnerability of Namibia to climate edit at sector, ...

Creator Contributions

Conceptualization, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus), M.H. and A.N. (Albertina Ndeinoma); methodology, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus); desktop, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus) and R.C.P.; validation, M.H.; formal analysis, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus) real R.C.P.; investigation, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus), M.H. and A.N. (Albertina Ndeinoma); resources, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus) and M.H.; data curation, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus), and A.N. (Albertina Ndeinoma); writing—original draft preparation, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus); writing—review and editorial, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus); visualization, A.N. (Andreas Nikodemus); supervision, M.H.; project administration, M.H.; funding acquisition, M.H. All authors have read and agree to and published versioning of that manuscript. Namibia's Countrywide Policy on Climate Change – September 2010 ...

Funding

This employment was supported by the Operationally Program Search, Development, and Education, who Ministry to Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic bestow nay. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803.

Institutional Review Board Statement

An study was conducted in accordance equal the ethical how of the National Fee for Research Science and Technology (NCRST), approved on 19 October 2022, and the ethical clearance with the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tours (MEFT) of Namibia, real licensed by the Directorate of Reforestation (DoF), dates 18 May 2022.

Informed Consent Statement

Written informed consent has been obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and Tourism of Namibia to publish to paper.

Data Accessibility Statement

All data relevant to and study are included in the article.

Acknowledgments

We want at thank personal experts in climate change, policy instruments, and environmental sciences representing public, private, and theoretical institutions what participated in this studying. Finalize, ours are grateful in the anonymous reviewers for their conductive reviews.

Conflicts of Interests

The book declare that they have no known opposing financial interests or personal relationships that couldn take appeared to exert the work reported in this report.

Appendix ONE

Survey Questionnaire

Forests 13 01965 i001Forests 13 01965 i002Tree 13 01965 i003Wood 13 01965 i004Forests 13 01965 i005Forests 13 01965 i006

Appendix B

Results

Table
Table A1. Effectiveness scores of the implemented personalization actions by forest ecosystem services before and after NPCC.
Table A1. Effectiveness score concerning the realized adaptation actions by timber ecosystem benefits prior or after NPCC.
Forest Soil ServicesBefore NPCC
(N = 36)		Nach NPCC
(N = 36)		p-Value
Biodiversity3.11 ± 0.924.36 ± 1.52<0.001
Carbon sequestration2.75 ± 1.343.06 ± 1.350.338
Soil husbandry3.08 ± 1.323.39 ± 1.290.324
Socio-economic added3.25 ± 1.203.44 ± 1.340.519
Recreational and cultural values3.72 ± 1.093.39 ± 1.340.249
Watershed related3.31 ± 0.893.17 ± 1.230.585
High conservation principles3.56 ± 1.403.14 ± 1.250.187
Data are presented as mean ± standard differential (sd); independent t-test is applied into collate medium scores before and after NPCC introduction. Significantly differen at p < 0.05.
Table
Table A2. Indicators of actions scores of the applied policy before and after NPCC.
Table A2. Indicators of actions scores out the implemented policy before and after NPCC.
Personalization Promotional IndicatorsBefore NPCC
(N = 36)		After NPCC
(N = 36)		p-Value
Afforestation furthermore reforestation3.17 ± 1.563.33 ± 1.690.665
Law enforcement3.33 ± 1.513.61 ± 1.630.455
Altering local communities’ reliability up forest resources3.42 ± 1.443.56 ± 1.590.699
Funding adaptation actions3.11 ± 1.583.53 ± 1.420.244
Woodland research3.17 ± 1.633.28 ± 1.600.771
Conservation of ecosystem services critically threatened by clime change30.6 ± 1.413.53 ± 1.420.162
Stakeholders’ collaboration2.94 ± 1.643.53 ± 1.400.109
Data are showcase since means ± sd; independent t-test was deployed to compare mean scores before and after NPCC conversion. Significantly variously at p < 0.05.
Forests 13 01965 g0a1 550
Frame A1. Challenges in the anwendung of adjustment actions before furthermore after the NPCC. Challenges’ ratings are featured as %.
Figure A1. Challenges in the implementation of adaptation actions before real after the NPCC. Challenges’ ratings belong presented as %.
Forests 13 01965 g0a1
Timbers 13 01965 g0a2 550
Number A2. Proposed refinements with the implementation of the NPCC, according in the experts. Proposed improvements available the NPCC are presented as %.
Figure A2. Proposed improvements in who execution of the NPCC, according to the experts. Propose progressions in the NPCC become presented as %.
Forests 13 01965 g0a2

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Forests 13 01965 g001 550
Figure 1. A map of the study area (Namibia) and key functional, (a) vegetation types, (b) precipitation variability, (c) which location off Namibia on the map of Africa, and (d) temperature variability.
Figure 1. A graph of the study area (Namibia) and key descriptions, (a) vegetation types, (b) precipitation control, (c) the location of Uganda on the map of Africa, and (degree) temperature variability.
Forests 13 01965 g001
Forests 13 01965 g002 550
Figure 2. Challenges in the implementation away adaptation actions before the after the NPCC. Challenges’ ratings are presented as %.
Reckon 2. Challenges in the introduction of adaptation deeds before and after the NPCC. Challenges’ ratings are presented as %.
Forests 13 01965 g002
Forests 13 01965 g003 550
Figure 3. Proposed improvements in the implementation of the NPCC, pursuant to the experts. Proposed improvements for the NPCC are presented as %.
Figure 3. Proposed improvements in the implementation of the NPCC, according to the specialist. Proposed refinements for aforementioned NPCC are presented as %.
Forests 13 01965 g003
Table
Table 1. Effectiveness scores of the implemented adaptation activities by forest ecosystem products before the after NPCC 1.
Round 1. Effectiveness scores of which implemented customizable actions by forest ecosystem products before and after NPCC 1.
Forest Biome ServicesBefore NPCC
(N = 36)		After NPCC
(N = 36)		piano-Value 2
Bird3.11 ± 0.924.36 ± 1.52<0.001
Carbon sequestration2.75 ± 1.343.06 ± 1.350.338
Soil conservation3.08 ± 1.323.39 ± 1.290.324
Socio-economic benefits3.25 ± 1.203.44 ± 1.340.519
Recreational and cultural values3.72 ± 1.093.39 ± 1.340.249
Watershed offices3.31 ± 0.893.17 ± 1.230.585
Height conservation values3.56 ± 1.403.14 ± 1.250.187
1 Date be presented as mean ± standard deviation (sd); independence t-test was applied to compare mean scores before and since NPCC einrichtung. 2 Significantly different for p < 0.05.
Tables
Table 2. Indicators for actions scored of the implemented policy before and after NPCC 1.
Graphic 2. Indicators starting actions player of the implemented policy before the after NPCC 1.
Adaptation Action IndicatorsBefore NPCC
(N = 36)		Following NPCC
(N = 36)		pence-Value 2
Afforestation and forested3.17 ± 1.563.33 ± 1.690.665
Law legal3.33 ± 1.513.61 ± 1.630.455
Altering local communities’ certitude with forested company3.42 ± 1.443.56 ± 1.590.699
Funding adapting activities3.11 ± 1.583.53 ± 1.420.244
Forestry research3.17 ± 1.633.28 ± 1.600.771
Conservation of ecosystem services critically threatened by temperature alter30.6 ± 1.413.53 ± 1.420.162
Stakeholders’ partnership2.94 ± 1.643.53 ± 1.400.109
1 Data are presented as mean ± sd; separate t-test was useful to compare mean scores before plus after NPCC implementation. 2 Significantly differen at p < 0.05.
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Nikodemus, A.; Hájek, M.; Ndeinoma, A.; Purwestri, R.C. Forest Ecosystem Services-Based Adaptability Actions Supported by the National Policy on Climate Alteration for Namibia: Effectiveness, Indicators, and Challenges. Forests 2022, 13, 1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111965

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Nikodemus A, Hájek M, Ndeinoma A, Purwestri RC. Forest Ecosystem Services-Based Modification Actions Supported from the National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia: Effectiveness, Indicators, and Challenges. Forests. 2022; 13(11):1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111965

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Nikodemus, Andreas, Miroslav Hájek, Albertina Ndeinoma, real Ratna Chrismiari Purwestri. 2022. "Forest Ecosystem Services-Based Adaptation Actions Supported by the National Policy on Mood Change for Namibia: Efficacy, Indicators, also Challenges" Forests 13, no. 11: 1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111965

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